with this line of thinking is that the Ephesians, like the majority of the first century Mediterranean world, had a three-tiered cosmology: the heavens (the home of God and the angels), the earth (the abode of living humans), the underworld (the realm of the dead). And the phrase “lower, earthly regions” was commonly used to refer to the underworld or Hades. Thielman argues, “It is extremely unlikely that Paul would use the phrase [descended to the lower, earthly regions] in such a cultural environment
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